MIT licensed by Andrew Lelechenko, Daniel Fischer
Maintained by Andrew Lelechenko
This version can be pinned in stack with:arithmoi-0.12.0.2@sha256:56f138bdc0f1f7c654f1f2b3caf51498208838dba4f9f53a7813678a0ea47d81,7601

A library of basic functionality needed for number-theoretic calculations. The aim of this library is to provide efficient implementations of the functions. Primes and related things (totients, factorisation), powers (integer roots and tests, modular exponentiation).

Changes

Changelog

0.12.0.2

Fixed

  • Compatibility patches for GHC 9.4.

0.12.0.1

Fixed

  • Compatibility patches for GHC 9.2.

0.12.0.0

Added

  • Define cubic symbol (#194).
  • Add instance Unbox (Prime a) and toPrimeIntegral helper (#201).
  • Implement Cornacchia’s algorithm for Diophantine equations (#195).
  • Define a wrapper PrimeIntSet for sets of primes (#205).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Powers.Modular, use Data.Mod or Data.Mod.Word instead.

Removed

  • Remove modules and functions, deprecated in the previous release.

0.11.0.1

Changed

  • Switch to smallcheck-1.2.0.

0.11.0.0

Added

  • Brand new machinery to deal with Dirichlet characters (#180).

  • Generate preimages of the Jordan and the sum-of-powers-of-divisors functions (#148).

  • More flexible interface for Pascal triangle: in addition to binomial we now provide also binomialRotated, binomialLine and binomialDiagonal (#151). There are also factoriseFactorial and factoriseBinomial (#152).

  • Add Semiring instance of SomeMod (#174).

  • Generate divisors in range (#183).

Changed

  • Speed up partition, using better container for memoization (#176).

  • Speed up integerRoot, using better starting approximation (#177).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Euclidean, use Data.Euclidean instead.

  • Deprecate chineseRemainder, chineseRemainder2, chineseCoprime, use chinese instead. Deprecate chineseCoprimeSomeMod, use chineseSomeMod.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Powers except Math.NumberTheory.Powers.Modular. Use Math.NumberTheory.Roots instead.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Jacobi, use Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Sqrt instead.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.{DiscreteLogarithm,PrimitiveRoot}, use Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Multiplicative instead.

Removed

  • Remove modules and functions, deprecated in the previous release.

Fixed

  • Fix subtraction of SomeMod (#174).

0.10.0.0

Added

  • The machinery of cyclic groups, primitive roots and discrete logarithms has been completely overhauled and rewritten using singleton types (#169).

    There is also a new singleton type, linking a type-level modulo with a term-level factorisation. It allows both to have a nicely-typed API of Mod m and avoid repeating factorisations (#169).

    Refer to a brand new module Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Singleton for details.

  • Add a new function factorBack.

  • Add Ord SomeMod instance (#165).

  • Add Semiring and Ring instances for Eisenstein and Gaussian integers.

Changed

  • Embrace the new Semiring -> GcdDomain -> Euclidean hierarchy of classes, refining Num and Integral constraints.

  • Reshuffle exports from Math.NumberTheory.Zeta, do not advertise its submodules as available to import.

  • Add a proxy argument storing vector’s flavor to Math.NumberTheory.MoebiusInversion.{generalInversion,totientSum}.

  • solveQuadratic and sqrtsMod require an additional argument: a singleton linking a type-level modulo with a term-level factorisation (#169).

  • Generalize sieveBlock to handle any flavor of Vector (#164).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Factorisation, use Math.NumberTheory.Primes.factorise instead. Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Sieve, use Enum instance instead.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Factorisation.Certified and Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Testing.Certificates.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.MoebiusInversion.Int.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.SmoothNumbers.{fromSet,fromSmoothUpperBound}. Use Math.NumberTheory.SmoothNumbers.fromList instead.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.SmoothNumbers.smoothOverInRange in favor of smoothOver and Math.NumberTheory.SmoothNumbers.smoothOverInRange in favor of isSmooth.

Removed

  • Move Euclidean type class to semirings package (#168).

  • Remove deprecated earlier Math.NumberTheory.Recurrencies.* and Math.NumberTheory.UniqueFactorisation modules. Use Math.NumberTheory.Recurrences.* and Math.NumberTheory.Primes instead.

  • Remove deprecated earlier an old interface of Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Sqrt.

0.9.0.0

Added

  • Introduce Prime newtype. This newtype is now used extensively in public API:

    primes :: Integral a => [Prime a]
    primeList :: Integral a => PrimeSieve -> [Prime a]
    sieveFrom :: Integer -> [Prime Integer]
    nthPrime :: Integer -> Prime Integer
    
  • New functions nextPrime and precPrime. Implement an instance of Enum for primes (#153):

    > [nextPrime 101 .. precPrime 130]
    [Prime 101,Prime 103,Prime 107,Prime 109,Prime 113,Prime 127]
    
  • Add the Hurwitz zeta function on non-negative integer arguments (#126).

  • Implement efficient tests of n-freeness: pointwise and in interval. See isNFree and nFreesBlock (#145).

  • Generate preimages of the totient and the sum-of-divisors functions (#142):

    > inverseTotient 120 :: [Integer]
    [155,310,183,366,225,450,175,350,231,462,143,286,244,372,396,308,248]
    
  • Generate coefficients of Faulhaber polynomials faulhaberPoly (#70).

Changed

  • Support Gaussian and Eisenstein integers in smooth numbers (#138).

  • Change types of primes, primeList, sieveFrom, nthPrime, etc., to use Prime newtype.

  • Math.NumberTheory.Primes.{Factorisation,Testing,Counting,Sieve} are no longer re-exported from Math.NumberTheory.Primes. Merge Math.NumberTheory.UniqueFactorisation into Math.NumberTheory.Primes (#135, #153).

  • From now on Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Factorisation.factorise and similar functions return [(Integer, Word)] instead of [(Integer, Int)].

  • sbcFunctionOnPrimePower now accepts Prime Word instead of Word.

  • Better precision for exact values of Riemann zeta and Dirichlet beta functions (#123).

  • Speed up certain cases of modular multiplication (#160).

  • Extend Chinese theorem to non-coprime moduli (#71).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Recurrencies.*. Use Math.NumberTheory.Recurrences.* instead (#146).

Removed

  • Remove Prime type family.

  • Remove deprecated Math.NumberTheory.GCD and Math.NumberTheory.GCD.LowLevel.

0.8.0.0

Added

  • A new interface for Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Sqrt, more robust and type safe (#87, #108).

  • Implement Ramanujan tau function (#112):

    > map ramanujan [1..10]
    [1,-24,252,-1472,4830,-6048,-16744,84480,-113643,-115920]
    
  • Implement partition function (#115):

    > take 10 partition
    [1,1,2,3,5,7,11,15,22,30]
    
  • Add the Dirichlet beta function on non-negative integer arguments (#120). E. g.,

    > take 5 $ Math.NumberTheory.Zeta.Dirichlet.betas 1e-15
    [0.5,0.7853981633974483,0.9159655941772191,0.9689461462593693,0.9889445517411055]
    
  • Solve linear and quadratic congruences (#129).

  • Support Eisenstein integers (#121).

  • Implement discrete logarithm (#88).

Changed

  • Stop reporting units (1, -1, i, -i) as a part of factorisation for integers and Gaussian integers (#101). Now factorise (-2) is [(2, 1)] and not [(-1, 1), (2, 1)].

  • Move splitIntoCoprimes to Math.NumberTheory.Euclidean.Coprimes.

  • Change types of splitIntoCoprimes, fromFactors and prefFactors using newtype Coprimes (#89).

  • Sort Gaussian primes by norm (#124).

  • Make return type of primes and primeList polymorphic instead of being limited to Integer only (#109).

  • Speed up factorisation of Gaussian integers (#116).

  • Speed up computation of primitive roots for prime powers (#127).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate an old interface of Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Sqrt.

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.GCD and Math.NumberTheory.GCD.LowLevel (#80). Use Math.NumberTheory.Euclidean instead (#128).

  • Deprecate jacobi' (#103).

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.GaussianIntegers in favor of Math.NumberTheory.Quadratic.GaussianIntegers.

0.7.0.0

Added

  • A general framework for bulk evaluation of arithmetic functions (#77):

    > runFunctionOverBlock carmichaelA 1 10
    [1,1,2,2,4,2,6,2,6,4]
    
  • Implement a sublinear algorithm for Mertens function (#90):

    > map (mertens . (10 ^)) [0..9]
    [1,-1,1,2,-23,-48,212,1037,1928,-222]
    
  • Add basic support for cyclic groups and primitive roots (#86).

  • Implement an efficient modular exponentiation (#86).

  • Write routines for lazy generation of smooth numbers (#91).

    > smoothOverInRange (fromJust (fromList [3,5,7])) 1000 2000
    [1029,1125,1215,1225,1323,1575,1701,1715,1875]
    

Changed

  • Now moebius returns not a number, but a value of Moebius type (#90).

  • Now factorisation of large integers and Gaussian integers produces factors as lazy as possible (#72, #76).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Heap. Use Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Sieve instead.

  • Deprecate FactorSieve, TotientSieve, CarmichaelSieve and accompanying functions. Use new general approach for bulk evaluation of arithmetic functions instead (#77).

Removed

  • Remove Math.NumberTheory.Powers.Integer, deprecated in 0.5.0.0.

0.6.0.1

Changed

  • Switch to smallcheck-1.1.3.

0.6.0.0

Added

  • Brand new Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Class (#56), providing flexible and type safe modular arithmetic. Due to use of GMP built-ins it is also significantly faster.

  • New function divisorsList, which is lazier than divisors and does not require Ord constraint (#64). Thus, it can be used for GaussianInteger.

Changed

  • Math.NumberTheory.Moduli was split into Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.{Chinese,Class,Jacobi,Sqrt}.

  • Functions jacobi and jacobi' return JacobiSymbol instead of Int.

  • Speed up factorisation over elliptic curve up to 15x (#65).

  • Polymorphic fibonacci and lucas functions, which previously were restricted to Integer only (#63). This is especially useful for modular computations, e. g., map fibonacci [1..10] :: [Mod 7].

  • Make totientSum more robust and idiomatic (#58).

Removed

  • Functions invertMod, powerMod and powerModInteger were removed, as well as their unchecked counterparts. Use new interface to modular computations, provided by Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.Class.

0.5.0.1

Changed

Switch to QuickCheck-2.10.

0.5.0.0

Added

  • Add basic combinatorial sequences: binomial coefficients, Stirling numbers of both kinds, Eulerian numbers of both kinds, Bernoulli numbers (#39). E. g.,

    > take 10 $ Math.NumberTheory.Recurrencies.Bilinear.bernoulli
    [1 % 1,(-1) % 2,1 % 6,0 % 1,(-1) % 30,0 % 1,1 % 42,0 % 1,(-1) % 30,0 % 1]
    
  • Add the Riemann zeta function on non-negative integer arguments (#44). E. g.,

    > take 5 $ Math.NumberTheory.Zeta.zetas 1e-15
    [-0.5,Infinity,1.6449340668482262,1.2020569031595945,1.0823232337111381]
    

Changed

  • Rename Math.NumberTheory.Lucas to Math.NumberTheory.Recurrencies.Linear.

  • Speed up isPrime twice; rework millerRabinV and isStrongFermatPP (#22, #25).

Deprecated

  • Deprecate integerPower and integerWordPower from Math.NumberTheory.Powers.Integer. Use (^) instead (#51).

Removed

  • Remove deprecated interface to arithmetic functions (divisors, tau, sigma, totient, jordan, moebius, liouville, smallOmega, bigOmega, carmichael, expMangoldt). New interface is exposed via Math.NumberTheory.ArithmeticFunctions (#30).

  • Math.NumberTheory.Logarithms has been moved to the separate package integer-logarithms (#51).

0.4.3.0

Added

  • Add Math.NumberTheory.ArithmeticFunctions with brand-new machinery for arithmetic functions: divisors, tau, sigma, totient, jordan, moebius, liouville, smallOmega, bigOmega, carmichael, expMangoldt (#30). Old implementations (exposed via Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Factorisation and Math.NumberTheory.Powers.Integer) are deprecated and will be removed in the next major release.

  • Add Karatsuba sqrt algorithm, improving performance on large integers (#6).

Fixed

  • Fix incorrect indexing of FactorSieve (#35).

0.4.2.0

Added

  • Add new cabal flag check-bounds, which replaces all unsafe array functions with safe ones.

  • Add basic functions on Gaussian integers.

  • Add Möbius mu-function.

Changed

  • Forbid non-positive moduli in Math.NumberTheory.Moduli.

Fixed

  • Fix out-of-bounds errors in Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Heap, Math.NumberTheory.Primes.Sieve and Math.NumberTheory.MoebiusInversion.

  • Fix 32-bit build.

  • Fix binaryGCD on negative numbers.

  • Fix highestPower (various issues).

0.4.1.0

Added

  • Add integerLog10 variants at Bas van Dijk’s request and expose Math.NumberTheory.Powers.Integer, with an added integerWordPower.

0.4.0.4

Fixed

  • Update for GHC 7.8, the type of some primops changed, they return Int# now instead of Bool.

  • Fixed bugs in modular square roots and factorisation.

0.4.0.3

Changed

  • Relaxed dependencies on mtl and containers.

Fixed

  • Fixed warnings from GHC 7.5, Word(..) moved to GHC.Types.

  • Removed SPECIALISE pragma from inline function (warning from GHC 7.5, probably pointless anyway).

0.4.0.2

Changed

  • Sped up factor sieves. They need more space now, but the speedup is worth it, IMO.

  • Raised spec-constr limit in MoebiusInversion.Int.

0.4.0.1

Fixed

  • Fixed Haddock bug.

0.4.0.0

Added

  • Added generalised Möbius inversion, to be continued.

0.3.0.0

Added

  • Added modular square roots and Chinese remainder theorem.

0.2.0.6

Changed

  • Performance tweaks for powerModInteger (~10%) and invertMod (~25%).

0.2.0.5

Fixed

  • Fix bug in psieveFrom.

0.2.0.4

Fixed

  • Fix bug in nthPrime.

0.2.0.3

Fixed

  • Fix bug in powerMod.

0.2.0.2

Changed

  • Relax bounds on array dependency for GHC 7.4.

0.2.0.1

Fixed

  • Fix copy-pasto (only relevant for GHC 7.3).

  • Fix imports for GHC 7.3.

0.2.0.0

Added

  • Added certificates and certified testing/factorisation

0.1.0.2

Fixed

  • Fixed doc bugs

0.1.0.1

Changed

  • Elaborate on overflow, work more on native Ints in Eratosthenes.

0.1.0.0

Added

  • First release.