BSD-3-Clause licensed by Rudy Matela
Maintained by Rudy Matela
This version can be pinned in stack with:code-conjure-0.5.14@sha256:ee431f3462360efb9733c2d3bf523eded376eda7876d87c8390b7e9e2c6e3bd1,4805

Conjure

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Conjure is a tool that synthesizes Haskell functions out of partial definitions.

Installing

To install the latest Conjure version from Hackage, just run:

$ cabal update
$ cabal install code-conjure

Prerequisites are express, leancheck and speculate. They should be automatically resolved and installed by Cabal.

NOTE: the name of the Hackage package is code-conjure – not to be confused with Conjure the BitTorrent client.

Starting from Cabal v3.0, you need to pass --lib as an argument to cabal install to install packages globally on the default user environment:

$ cabal install code-conjure --lib

If you already have Conjure installed Cabal may refuse to update to the latest version. To update, you need to reset your user’s cabal installation with:

rm -rf ~/.cabal/{bin,lib,logs,share,store} ~/.ghc/*/

WARNING: the above command will erase all user-local packages.

Synthesizing functions

To use Conjure, import the library with:

import Conjure

Then, declare a partial definition of a function to be synthesized. For example, here is a partial implementation of a function that squares a number:

square :: Int -> Int
square 0  =  0
square 1  =  1
square 2  =  4

Next, declare a list of primitives that seem like interesting pieces in the final fully-defined implementation. For example, here is a list of primitives including addition, multiplication and their neutral elements:

primitives :: [Prim]
primitives  =  [ pr (0::Int)
               , pr (1::Int)
               , prim "+" ((+) :: Int -> Int -> Int)
               , prim "*" ((*) :: Int -> Int -> Int)
               ]

Finally, call the conjure function, passing the function name, the partial definition and the list of primitives:

> conjure "square" square primitives
square :: Int -> Int
-- testing 3 combinations of argument values
-- pruning with 14/25 rules
-- looking through 3 candidates of size 1
-- looking through 4 candidates of size 2
-- looking through 9 candidates of size 3
square x  =  x * x

Conjure is able to synthesize the above implementation in less than a second.

For more information, see the eg/arith.hs example and the Haddock documentation for the conjure and conjureWith functions.

Synthesizing recursive functions

Conjure supports synthetization of recursive functions.

Take for example the following partial implementation of a function that computes the factorial of a number:

factorial :: Int -> Int
factorial 1  =  1
factorial 2  =  2
factorial 3  =  6
factorial 4  =  24

Here is a list of primitives:

primitives :: [Prim]
primitives  =  [ pr (0::Int)
               , pr (1::Int)
               , prim "+" ((+) :: Int -> Int -> Int)
               , prim "*" ((*) :: Int -> Int -> Int)
               , prim "-" ((-) :: Int -> Int -> Int)
               ]

And here is what Conjure produces with the above partial definition and list of primitives:

> conjure "factorial" factorial primitives
factorial :: Int -> Int
-- testing 4 combinations of argument values
-- pruning with 27/65 rules
-- looking through 3 candidates of size 1
-- looking through 4 candidates of size 2
-- looking through 13 candidates of size 3
-- looking through 34 candidates of size 4
-- looking through 75 candidates of size 5
-- looking through 183 candidates of size 6
-- looking through 577 candidates of size 7
factorial 0  =  1
factorial x  =  x * factorial (x - 1)

The above synthetization takes less than a second.

It is also possible to generate a folding implementation like the following:

factorial x  =  foldr (*) 1 [1..x]

by including enumFromTo and foldr in the background.

For more information, see the eg/factorial.hs example and the Haddock documentation for the conjure and conjureWith functions.

Synthesizing from specifications (for advanced users)

Conjure also supports synthesizing from a functional specification with the functions conjureFromSpec and conjureFromSpecWith as, in some cases, a partial definition may not be appropriate for one of two reasons:

  1. Conjure may fail to “hit” the appropriate data points;
  2. specifying argument-result bindings may not be easy.

Take for example a function duplicates :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] that should return the duplicate elements in a list without repetitions.

Let’s start with the primitives:

primitives :: [Prim]
primitives  =  [ pr ([] :: [Int])
               , prim "not" not
               , prim "&&" (&&)
               , prim ":" ((:) :: Int -> [Int] -> [Int])
               , prim "elem" (elem :: Int -> [Int] -> Bool)
               , prif (undefined :: [Int])
               ]

Now here’s a first attempt at a partial definition:

duplicates' :: [Int] -> [Int]
duplicates' []  =  []
duplicates' [1,2,3,4,5]  =  []
duplicates' [1,2,2,3,4]  =  [2]
duplicates' [1,2,3,3,3]  =  [3]
duplicates' [1,2,2,3,3]  =  [2,3]

Here is what conjureWith prints:

> conjureWith args{maxSize=18} "duplicates" duplicates primitives
duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
-- testing 1 combinations of argument values
-- pruning with 21/26 rules
-- looking through 2 candidates of size 1
duplicates xs  =  xs

The generated function clearly does not follow our specification. But if we look at the reported number of tests, we see that only one of the argument-result bindings of our partial definition was used. Conjure failed to hit any of the argument values with five elements. (Since Conjure uses enumeration to test functions these values have to be kept “small”).

Here is a second attempt:

duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
duplicates [0,0]  =  [0]
duplicates [0,1]  =  []
duplicates [1,0,1]  =  [1]

Here is what conjureWith now prints:

> conjureWith args{maxSize=18} "duplicates" duplicates primitives
duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
-- testing 3 combinations of argument values
-- pruning with 21/26 rules
-- ...
-- looking through 16 candidates of size 9
duplicates []  =  []
duplicates (x:xs)  =  if elem x xs then [x] else []

The duplicates function that Conjure generated is still not correct. Nevertheless, it does follow our partial definition. We have to refine it. Here is a third attempt with more argument-result bindings:

duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
duplicates [0,0]  =  [0]
duplicates [0,1]  =  []
duplicates [1,0,1]  =  [1]
duplicates [0,1,0,1]  =  [0,1]

Here is what Conjure prints:

duplicates []  =  []
duplicates (x:xs)  =  if elem x xs then x:duplicates xs else []

This implementation follows our partial definition, but may return duplicate duplicates, see:

duplicates [1,0,1,0,1]  =  [1,0,1]

Here is a fourth and final refinement:

duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
duplicates [0,0]  =  [0]
duplicates [0,1]  =  []
duplicates [1,0,1]  =  [1]
duplicates [0,1,0,1]  =  [0,1]
duplicates [1,0,1,0,1]  =  [0,1]
duplicates [0,1,2,1]  =  [1]

Now Conjure prints a correct implementation:

> conjureWith args{maxSize=18} "duplicates" duplicates primitives
duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
-- testing 6 combinations of argument values
-- ...
-- looking through 2189 candidates of size 17
duplicates []  =  []
duplicates (x:xs)  =  if elem x xs && not (elem x (duplicates xs)) then x:duplicates xs else duplicates xs
(in 1.5s)

In this case, specifying the function with specific argument-result bindings is perhaps not the best approach. It took us four refinements of the partial definition to get a result. Specifying test properties perhaps better describes what we want. Again, we would like duplicates to return all duplicate elements without repetitions. This can be encoded in a function using holds from LeanCheck:

import Test.LeanCheck (holds)

duplicatesSpec :: ([Int] -> [Int]) -> Bool
duplicatesSpec duplicates  =  and
  [ holds 360 $ \x xs -> (count (x ==) xs > 1) == elem x (duplicates xs)
  , holds 360 $ \x xs -> count (x ==) (duplicates xs) <= 1
  ]  where  count p  =  length . filter p

This function takes as argument a candidate implementation of duplicates and returns whether it is valid. The first property states that all duplicates must be listed. The second property states that duplicates themselves must not repeat.

Now, we can use the function conjureFromSpecWith to generate the same duplicates function passing our duplicatesSpec as argument:

> conjureFromSpecWith args{maxSize=18} "duplicates" duplicatesSpec primitives
duplicates :: [Int] -> [Int]
duplicates []  =  []
duplicates (x:xs)  =  if elem x xs && not (elem x (duplicates xs)) then x:duplicates xs else duplicates xs
(in 1.5s)

For more information see the eg/dupos.hs example and the Haddock documentation for the conjureFromSpec and conjureFromSpecWith functions.

The functions conjureFromSpec and conjureFromSpecWith also accept specifications that bind specific arguments to results. Just use == and && accordingly:

duplicatesSpec :: ([Int] -> [Int]) -> Bool
duplicatesSpec duplicates  =  duplicates [0,0] == [0]
                           && duplicates [0,1]  ==  []
                           && duplicates [1,0,1]  ==  [1]
                           && duplicates [0,1,0,1]  ==  [0,1]
                           && duplicates [1,0,1,0,1]  ==  [0,1]
                           && duplicates [0,1,2,1]  ==  [1]

With this, there is no way for Conjure to miss argument-result bindings.

Related work

Conjure’s dependencies. Internally, Conjure uses LeanCheck, Speculate and Express. LeanCheck does testing similarly to QuickCheck, SmallCheck or Feat. Speculate discovers equations similarly to QuickSpec. Express encodes expressions involving Dynamic types.

Program synthesis within Haskell.

MagicHaskeller (2007) is another tool that is able to generate Haskell code automatically. It supports recursion through catamorphisms, paramorphisms and the fix function. Igor II (2010) is able to synthesize Haskell programs as well.

Hoogle (2004) is a search engine for Haskell functions. It is not able to synthesize expressions but it can find functions that match a type. Hoogle+ (2020) is similar to Hoogle but is able to search for small expressions. In addition to the type, Hoogle+ allows users to provide tests that the function should pass.

Program synthesis beyond Haskell.

PushGP (2002) and G3P (2017) are genetic programming systems that are able to synthesize programs in Push and Python respectively. Differently from Conjure or MagicHaskeller, they require around a hundred tests for traning instead of just about half a dozen.

Barliman (2016) for Lisp is another tool that does program synthesis.

Further reading

For a detailed documentation of each function, see Conjure’s Haddock documentation.

The eg folder in the source distribution contains more than 60 examples of use.

Conjure, Copyright 2021-2024 Rudy Matela, distribued under the 3-clause BSD license.

Changes

Changelog for (Code) Conjure

v0.5.14 (February 2024)

  • improve commutative pruning, slightly faster Conjure
  • add carryOn, rewriting, requireDescent, adHocRedundancy switches to the Args record
  • add more benchmarks and tests

v0.5.12 (February 2024)

  • bump Speculate requirement to v0.4.20
  • improve testing of Conjure itself
  • improvements and fixes of Conjure’s benchmarks

v0.5.10 (February 2024)

  • improve pruning of candidate functions;
  • Conjure: un-export experimental equalModuloTesting
  • Conjure.Conjurable: add conjureListFor, conjureSizeFor & conjureGrounds;
  • Reorganize internal modules
  • Add Conjure.Defn.Redundancy module for redundant candidates;
  • Add Conjure.Defn.Test module testing candidate definitions;
  • Add Conjure.Reason module for term-rewriting-based reasoning;
  • Add Conjure.Red module for recursive descent;
  • Conjure.Expr: add a few auxiliary functions
  • Move functions out of Conjure.Engine into new modules
  • add more examples and benchmarks;
  • improved testing of Conjure itself;
  • and several other improvements and fixes.

v0.5.8 (January 2024)

  • prune redundant mutants using a few new rules
  • rework numeric recursion criteria
  • improve pretty-printing
  • improve error handling
  • refactor and lint throughout
  • Conjurable tuples up to 12-tuples
  • bump Express requirement to v1.0.14 (bugfix)

v0.5.6 (November 2023)

  • Conjure module: no main API changes
  • Conjure.Engine: add equalModuloTesting
  • Conjure.Utils: add some misc functions
  • add bench/redundants that reports groups of redundant candidates

v0.5.4 (November 2023)

This has been the “dev” version after v0.5.2 for almost a couple of years:

  • report invalid theories-from-testing
  • weed-out some redundant candidates:
    • add and use isRedundantDefn
    • update how deconstructions are handled
  • add (but not use) conjureSize to Conjurable

v0.5.2 (March 2022)

  • show number of tested candidates
  • complete Conjurable derivation functions
  • reference related work on README
  • add switch to unique-modulo-testing candidates (slow) to allow computing the near upper/lower limit on pruning

v0.5.0 (September 2021)

  • allow synthesizing/conjuring from properties with conjureFromSpec;
  • complete Haddock documentation;
  • remove several unused functions;
  • add stub conjurableDerive functions;
  • Makefile: add targets to run GPS(2) and TerpreT benches.

v0.4.4 (September 2021)

  • remove need for explicit deconstructions:
    • use - and 1 instead of dec;
    • allow mod and div as deconstructions;
  • bump Express requirement to v1.0.6 (bugfix);
  • complete the GPS1 benchmark;
  • add GPS2 and TerpreT benchmarks;
  • minor fixes in the README.

v0.4.2 (August 2021)

  • default to using top-level patterns on generated functions;
  • memoize function evaluation;
  • double-check theory at the end and report warning on incorrect properties;
  • add prif to Conjure;
  • simplify deconstructor discovery and add conjureSize to Conjurable;
  • add cevaluate, ceval and cvl to Conjure.Conjurable;
  • add bench/gps and bench/lowtests;
  • improve tests and benchmarks.

v0.4.0 (July 2021)

  • background primitives are now provided with pr and prim.
  • report number of rules used in pruning
  • require Express v1.0.4 and Speculate v0.4.12
  • allow .. notation
  • add benchmarks, replicate, subset, p12, p30 and candidates
  • add and use the Defn type and conjureDefns
  • minor changes in benchmarks
  • cleanup unused code

v0.3.6 (June 2021)

  • add switch for descending recursions to allow generation of gcd
  • refactor recursion generation (replace a hole later)
  • change conjpureWith to take Args
  • rename two args fields to maxBodyRecursions and maxEvalRecursions at this point, the old names were misnomers.

v0.3.4 (June 2021)

  • reallow recursions under && and || (simplifies the generated or, and, set and elem functions)
  • only require deconstructions on a non-empty subset of arguments (allows fib01 to be produced)
  • limit number of terminal evaluations in recursiveToDynamic
  • fix bug in recursiveToDynamic (not counting some recursions)
  • add 4 new benchmarks: count, gcd, tree and setelem

v0.3.2 (June 2021)

  • significant runtime reduction in several benchmarks, e.g.:
    • take is now reachable in about 5 seconds
  • improved candidate generation:
    • faster runtime
    • fewer redundant/invalid candidates
  • limit recursive calls to use deconstructors
    • test to find deconstructors automatically
  • improve recursion evaluation method (revaluate replaces recursexpr)
  • add fibonacci benchmark
  • minor:
    • record runtimes with one decimal place instead of two
    • add longshot benchmark
    • add intercalate to the list benchmark
    • add stub Conjure.Constructors module

v0.3.0 (May 2021)

  • only automatically include an if for the return type of the given function
  • add the take-drop benchmark
  • make bottom-up enumeration more type directed

v0.2.8 (May 2021)

  • export the A, B, C, D, E and F helper types

v0.2.6 (May 2021)

  • require Express v0.1.10 due to hasHole being now exported there
  • require Eq result on conjure1, conjure2 and conjure3
  • code cleanup and more tests

v0.2.4 (May 2021)

  • allow conjuring from specifications in addition to partial definitions (conjure1, conjure2, conjure3 and related functions)
  • improve examples
  • improve criteria for automatic primitive inclusion:
    • only include if :: ... -> Bool if there are Bool primitives
    • include False and True automatically only on Speculate’s background
  • add code-optional candidate nubbing and debug functions

v0.2.2 (May 2021)

  • by default, search for 60 argument combinations among 100000 enumerated combinations

v0.2.0 (May 2021)

  • search until 100% match is found and exit
  • other misc changes

v0.1.2 (April 2021)

For the changelog of earlier versions, check the git commit history.