unbound-generics

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Support for programming with names and binders using GHC Generics.

Summary

Specify the binding structure of your data type with an expressive set of type combinators, and unbound-generics handles the rest! Automatically derives alpha-equivalence, free variable calculation, capture-avoiding substitution, and more. See Unbound.Generics.LocallyNameless to get started.

This is a reimplementation of (parts of) unbound but using GHC generics instead of RepLib.

Examples

Some examples are in the examples/ directory in the source. And also at unbound-generics on GitHub Pages

Example: Untyped lambda calculus interpreter

Here is how you would implement call by value evaluation for the untyped lambda calculus:

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable, DeriveGeneric, MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
module UntypedLambdaCalc where
import Unbound.Generics.LocallyNameless
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Data.Typeable (Typeable)

-- | Variables stand for expressions
type Var = Name Expr

-- | Expressions
data Expr = V Var                -- ^ variables
          | Lam (Bind Var Expr) -- ^ lambdas bind a variable within a body expression
          | App Expr Expr       -- ^ application
          deriving (Show, Generic, Typeable)

-- Automatically construct alpha equivalence, free variable computation and binding operations.
instance Alpha Expr

-- semi-automatically implement capture avoiding substitution of expressions for expressions
instance Subst Expr Expr where
  -- `isvar` identifies the variable case in your AST.
  isvar (V x) = Just (SubstName x)
  isvar _     = Nothing

-- evaluation takes an expression and returns a value while using a source of fresh names
eval :: Expr -> FreshM Expr
eval (V x) = fail $ "unbound variable " ++ show x
eval e@(Lam {}) = return e
eval (App e1 e2) = do
  v1 <- eval e1
  v2 <- eval e2
  case v1 of
   (Lam bnd) -> do
     -- open the lambda by picking a fresh name for the bound variable x in body
     (x, body) <- unbind bnd
     let body' = subst x v2 body
     eval body'
   _ -> fail "application of non-lambda"

example :: Expr
example =
  let x = s2n "x"
      y = s2n "y"
      e = Lam $ bind x (Lam $ bind y (App (V y) (V x)))
  in runFreshM $ eval (App (App e e) e)
  
-- >>> example
-- Lam (<y> App (V 0@0) (Lam (<x> Lam (<y> App (V 0@0) (V 1@0)))))

Differences from unbound

For the most part, I tried to keep the same methods with the same signatures. However there are a few differences.

  1. fv :: Alpha t => Fold t (Name n)

    The fv method returns a Fold (in the sense of the lens library), rather than an Unbound.Util.Collection instance. That means you will generally have to write toListOf fv t or some other summary operation.

  2. Utility methods in the Alpha class have different types.

    You should only notice this if you’re implementing an instance of Alpha by hand (rather than by using the default generic instance).

    1. isPat :: Alpha t => t -> DisjointSet AnyName The original unbound returned a Maybe [AnyName] here with the same interpretation as DisjointSet: Nothing means an inconsistency was encountered, or Just the free variables of the pattern.
    2. isTerm :: Alpha t => t -> All
    3. open :: Alpha t => AlphaCtx -> NthPatFind -> t -> t, close :: Alpha t => AlphaCtx -> NamePatFind -> t -> t where NthPatFind and NamePatFind are newtypes
  3. embed :: IsEmbed e => Embedded e -> e and unembed :: IsEmbed e => e -> Embedded e

    The typeclass IsEmbed has an Iso (again in the sense of the lens library) as a method instead of the above pair of methods.

    Again, you should only notice this if you’re implementing your own types that are instances of IsEmbed. The easiest thing to do is to use implement embedded = iso yourEmbed yourUnembed where iso comes from lens. (Although you can also implement it in terms of dimap if you don’t want to depend on lens)

Changes

0.3.4

  • Bump containers upper bound to support 0.6. (GHC 8.6.1 support) Thanks Christiaan Baaij.

0.3.3

  • Bump exceptions upper bound to support 0.10.0

0.3.2

  • Bump deepseq >= 1.4.0.0 remove benchmark dependency on deepseq-generics
  • Tested with GHC 8.4.1
  • Tested with GHC 8.2.2
  • Compile with -Wcompat
  • Add Semigroup instances for all types that were previously Monoid instances
  • Added more examples to the examples/ directory
  • Added “exceptions” dependency and MonadThrow, MonadCatch, MonadMask instances for FreshMT and LFreshMT. Thanks Alex McKenna.

0.3.1

  • Tested with GHC 8.0.1
  • Removed Generic b constraint from Subst b (Name a) instance.

0.3

  • Change types of open and close to take NthPatFind and NamePatFind instead of generic patterns, update call sites.
  • Add newtype wrappers and Monoid instances for NthPatFind and NamePatFind
  • Change isTerm to return All instead of Bool

0.2

  • Incorporating some of the extras/oversights from clash-lib Unbound.Generics.LocallyNameless.Extra

    • Make Embed an instance of Ord
    • NFData instances (see below)
  • Re-implement freshen' and gfreshen using a free monad to give GHC a chance to inline it all away. This changes the type of gfreshen. Major version bump.

    • Expose FFM, liftFFM and retractFFM
  • Provide NFData instances for all the combinators. Depend on ‘deepseq’

  • Start benchmarking some of the operations (particularly unbind).

0.1.2.1

  • Fix ghc-7.10 build.
  • Haddock cleanup.

0.1.2

  • Added IsEmbed typeclass

    • Depend on ‘profunctors’
  • Changed embed and unembed to work over any IsEmbed type.

  • Added Shift type for shifting the scope of embedded terms out one level.

0.1.1

  • Added isNullDisjointSet function.
  • Implement a TH makeClosedAlpha splice for constructing trivial leaf instances.

0.1

  • Add acompare functiona and acompare' method to Alpha typeclass. (christiaanb)

    Handwritten Alpha instances will need to define this additional method now. Major version bump.

0.0.3

  • Add ‘name2Integer’ method (christiaanb)

  • Export internal type-directed gaeq, gopen, gclose, etc functions from Unbound.Generics.LocallyNameless.Alpha.

    Allows definitions like:

      instance Alpha Term where
        aeq' _ (Prim t1 _dk1) (Prim t2 _dk2) = t1 == t2
        aeq' c t1             t2             = gaeq c (from t1) (from t2)
    

0.0.2.1

  • Unconditionally add ErrorT and ExceptT instances using transformers-compat (bergmark)

0.0.2

  • Add ‘Rec’ pattern and ‘TRec’ term combinators.

  • Alpha instance for ‘()’

0.0.1

  • Add ‘lunbind2’ function.

  • Doc updates.

  • Switch from ‘HUnit’ to ‘Tasty’ for testing.

0.0.0.90

  • Initial (re-)implementation effort.