hslua
Bindings to Lua, an embeddable scripting language
Version on this page: | 1.2.0 |
LTS Haskell 23.0: | 2.3.1 |
Stackage Nightly 2024-12-12: | 2.3.1 |
Latest on Hackage: | 2.3.1 |
hslua-1.2.0@sha256:6992fa588bd73866dba332593a35c17be325fd359f787ecb669589815a4095c8,11023
Module documentation for 1.2.0
HsLua – Bindings to Lua, an embeddable scripting language
HsLua provides bindings, wrappers, types, and helper functions to bridge Haskell and Lua.
Overview
Lua is a small, well-designed, embeddable scripting language. It has become the de-facto default to make programs extensible and is widely used everywhere from servers over games and desktop applications up to security software and embedded devices. This package provides Haskell bindings to Lua, enable coders to embed the language into their programs, making them scriptable.
HsLua ships with batteries included and includes the most recent Lua version (i.e., Lua 5.3.5). Cabal flags make it easy to compile against a system-wide Lua installation.
Interacting with Lua
HsLua provides the Lua
type to define Lua operations. The operations are
executed by calling run
. A simple “Hello, World” program, using the Lua
print
function, is given below:
import Foreign.Lua as Lua
main :: IO ()
main = Lua.run prog
where
prog :: Lua ()
prog = do
Lua.openlibs -- load Lua libraries so we can use 'print'
Lua.callFunc "print" "Hello, World!"
The Lua stack
Lua’s API is stack-centered: most operations involve pushing values to the stack
or receiving items from the stack. E.g., calling a function is performed by
pushing the function onto the stack, followed by the function arguments in the
order they should be passed to the function. The API function call
then
invokes the function with given numbers of arguments, pops the function and
parameters of the stack, and pushes the results.
,----------.
| arg 3 |
+----------+
| arg 2 |
+----------+
| arg 1 |
+----------+ ,----------.
| function | call 3 1 | result 1 |
+----------+ ===========> +----------+
| | | |
| stack | | stack |
| | | |
Manually pushing and pulling arguments can become tiresome, so HsLua makes
function calling simple by providing callFunc
. It uses type-magic to allow
different numbers of arguments. Think about it as having the signature
callFunc :: String -> a1 -> a2 -> … -> res
where the arguments a1, a2, …
must be of a type which can be pushed to the Lua
stack, and the result-type res
must be constructable from a value on the Lua
stack.
Getting values from and to the Lua stack
Conversion between Haskell and Lua values is governed by two type classes:
-- | A value that can be read from the Lua stack.
class Peekable a where
-- | Check if at index @n@ there is a convertible Lua value and
-- if so return it. Throws a @'LuaException'@ otherwise.
peek :: StackIndex -> Lua a
and
-- | A value that can be pushed to the Lua stack.
class Pushable a where
-- | Pushes a value onto Lua stack, casting it into meaningfully
-- nearest Lua type.
push :: a -> Lua ()
Many basic data types (except for numeric types, see the FAQ) have instances for
these type classes. New instances can be defined for custom types using the
functions in Foreign.Lua.Core
(also exported in Foreign.Lua
).
Build flags
The following cabal build flags are supported:
-
system-lua
: Use the locally installed Lua version instead of the version shipped as part of HsLua. -
pkg-config
: Use pkg-config to discover library and include paths. Setting this flag impliessystem-lua
. -
allow-unsafe-gc
: Allow optimizations which make Lua’s garbage collection potentially unsafe; haskell finalizers must be handled with extreme care. This is enabled per default, as this is rarely a problem in practice. -
apicheck
: Compile Lua with its API checks enabled. -
lua_32bits
: Compile Lua for a 32-bits system (e.g., i386, PowerPC G4). -
export-dynamic
: Add all symbols to dynamic symbol table; disabling this will make it possible to create fully static binaries, but renders loading of dynamic C libraries impossible.
Example: using a different lua version
To use a system-wide installed Lua when linking hslua as a dependency,
build/install your package using --constraint="hslua +system-lua"
. For
example, you can install Pandoc with hslua that uses system-wide Lua like
this:
cabal install pandoc --constraint="hslua +system-lua"
or with stack:
stack install pandoc --flag=hslua:system-lua
Q&A
-
Can I see some examples? Basic examples are available in the hslua-examples repository.
A big project build with hslua is Pandoc, the universal document converter. It is written in Haskell and includes a Lua interpreter, enabling programmatic modifications of documents via Lua. Furthermore, custom output formats can be defined via Lua scripts.
-
Where are the coroutine related functions? Yielding from a coroutine works via
longjmp
, which plays very badly with Haskell’s RTS. Tests to get coroutines working with HsLua were unsuccessful. No coroutine related functions are exported from the default module for that reason. Pull requests intended to fix this are very welcome.
Changes
Changelog
1.2.0
Released 2020-08-15
-
New module
Foreign.Lua.Call
: the module offers an alternative method of exposing Haskell functions to Lua. The focus is on maintainability: types and marshaling methods are made explicit; the possibility of adding documentation and parameter names improves error messages and allows for automatic documentation extraction.Work on this module is ongoing; the interface is likely to change. Suggestions and feedback are welcome.
-
New types
Module
,Field
, and new functionsregisterModule
,preloadModule
,pushModule
, andrender
exported fromForeign.Lua.Module
: this builds on the newCall
module and allows the creation of documented modules as well as automatic generation of Markdown-formatted module documentation. -
Export new items
nth
andtop
from Foreign.Lua.Core and Foreign.Lua. They are short-hands fornthFromTop
andstackTop
. -
Performance improvements: Calling of Lua functions and creation of Haskell data wrapping userdata has been sped up by about 10%. This is mostly due to using of previously missed optimization opportunities.
-
All foreign imports have been moved to into the new
Foreign.Lua.Raw
module. This module will replace the currentForeign.Lua.Core
module in the future and will be distributed as a separate package (likely starting with the 2.0 release); the remaining parts of the currentCore
module will be promoted one level in the module hierarchy.The
Raw
module can be used whenever the full power of HsLua is not needed. -
Error-signaling of API wrapper functions has been changed: instead of returning special integer values, functions now take an additional pointer argument, which is set to the status result of the computation.
The
Failable
type in Core.Error is no longer needed and has been removed. -
CI builds now include GHC 8.8 and GHC 8.10, ensuring that all GHC 8.* versions are supported.
1.1.2
Released 2020-06-27
-
Revert signature of function
pushList
to it’s proper 1.1 value. This fixes a mistake which caused the 1.1.1 release to be in violation of the PVP versioning policy. -
Module Foreign.Lua.Peek: add function
pushKeyValuePairs
(Alex Loomis).
1.1.1
Released 2020-06-02
WARNING: This version does not conform to the PVP versioning
policy, due to a unintended signature change of function
pushList
. It is recommended not to use this version.
-
New module Foreign.Lua.Push: provides functions which marshal and push Haskell values onto Lua’s stack.
Most functions in Foreign.Lua.Types.Pushable are now defined using functions from this module.
-
New module Foreign.Lua.Peek: provides functions which unmarshal and retrieve Haskell values from Lua’s stack. Contrary to
peek
from Foreign.Lua.Types.Peekable, the peeker functions in this module will never throw errors, but use anEither
type to signal retrieval failure.The error type
PeekError
should not be considered final and will likely be subject to change in later versions. -
Module Foreign.Lua.Utf8: never throw errors when decoding UTF-8 strings. Invalid UTF-8 input bytes no longer cause exceptions, but are replaced with the Unicode replacement character U+FFFD.
-
Fixed missing and faulty Haddock documentation.
-
Fixed a bug which caused unnecessary use of strings to represent floating point numbers under certain configurations.
1.1.0
Released 2020-03-25.
WARNING: The changes in this release are experimental. It is recommended to skip this release unless the newly introduced features are required.
-
Allow custom error handling: conversion of Lua errors to Haskell exceptions and back is made configurable. Users can define their own exception/error handling strategies, even opening up the option to pass arbitrary exceptions through Lua.
-
New types exported from
Foreign.Lua.Types
:ErrorConversion
: defines the ways in which exceptions and errors are handled and converted.LuaEnvironment
: environment in which Lua computations are evaluated. Contains the Lua interpreter state and the error conversion strategy.
-
The environment of the
Lua
type is changed from a plain LuaState
to the above mentionedLuaEnvironment
. -
New functions
run'
is exported fromForeign.Lua.Util
andForeign.Lua
: it is analogous torun
, but allows to run computations with a custom error conversion strategy. -
New function
runWithConverter
exported fromForeign.Lua.Core.Types
andForeign.Lua.Core
; likerun'
, but takes a custom state. -
New function
unsafeRunWith
exported fromForeign.Lua.Core.Types
andForeign.Lua.Core
; runs a computation without proper error handling. -
New function
errorConversion
exported fromForeign.Lua.Core.Types
andForeign.Lua.Core
: extract the error conversion strategy from the Lua type. -
New function
throwErrorAsException
exported fromForeign.Lua.Core.Error
andForeign.Lua.Core
: throws a Lua error as Haskell exception, using the current error conversion strategy.
-
-
Function
runWith
is moved from moduleForeign.Lua.Core
toForeign.Lua.Util
. -
The module
Foreign.Lua.Utf8
is now exported.
1.0.3.2
Released 2019-08-21.
-
Added flag to use hardcoded values for registry keys: The names of the registry keys used to store package information are available as CPP values from file lauxlib.h since Lua 5.3.4; compiling HsLua against older Lua versions was not possible, as those values were expected to exist.
The respective values are now hardcoded into HsLua, and a new flag
hardcode-reg-key
is introduced, which will cause the use of these hardcoded values instead of those defined in lauxlib.h. Using this flag makes it possible to compile hslua against all Lua 5.3.* versions. -
Added missing C files for benchmarking to list of extra-source-files.
1.0.3.1
Released 2019-05-08.
- Prevent filenames being treated as strings in debug messages.
Lua’s
loadbuffer
takes asource
description as an argument, which is used for debug messages. Theloadfile
function now adds a special prefix (@
) tosource
, thus marking it as a filename.
1.0.3
Released 2019-05-04.
-
New module
Foreign.Lua.Module
, containing helper functions to define and load modules from Haskell. -
Improve documentation of
open<lib>
(many thanks to Christian Charukiewicz.)
1.0.2
Released 2019-01-05.
-
Fixed cross-compilation: placement of C import declarations were fixed, thereby resolving issues with cross-compilation. (Vanessa McHale and Faraz Maleknia)
-
Added .gitattributes file, fixing the wrong language classification of the GitHub repository. (Vanessa McHale)
-
Improved
toHaskellFunction
documentation. The documentation is now more specific on which Haskell exceptions are caught and which will lead to crashes.
1.0.1
-
Exposed more functions from Lua’s
lauxlib
library:getmetafield
,getmetatable'
,getsubtable
, andtraceback
.
The function
getsubtable
is a reimplementation instead of a wrapper to the C function for simplicity (thereby avoiding additional C wrappers). -
Fixed tests for GHC 8.6 by no longer depending on failable pattern matching.
1.0.0
New features
-
Error handling at language borders has been vastly improved and is now mostly automatic. Haskell’s
Foreign.Lua.Exception
s are transformed into Lua errors and vice versa. Lua-side wrappers are no longer necessary. -
Haskell functions are no longer pushed as userdata by
pushHaskellFunction
, but as C functions. This simplifies tasks where Lua expects true function objects object (for example when looking for module loaders). -
Added stack instance for
- Data.Set.Set,
- Integer,
- Int,
- Float, and
- Double.
Instances for numbers fall back to strings when the representation as a Lua number would cause a loss of precision.
-
Haskell functions pushed with
pushHaskellFunction
can now be garbage collected by Lua without having to call back into Haskell. The callback into Haskell by the GC had previously caused programs to hang in some situations. -
Bindings to more Lua C API functions and macros:
isinteger
,load
,loadbuffer
, andpushglobaltable
. -
Any Haskell value can be pushed to the Lua stack as userdata via
pushAny
and retrieved viapeekAny
. Additional functions are provided to setup the userdata metatable. -
The C preprocessor constants
LUA_LOADED_TABLE
andLUA_PRELOAD_TABLE
are made available asloadedTableRegistryField
andpreloadTableRegistryField
, respectively. -
Additional small helper functions:
peekRead
– read value from a string.popValue
– peek value at the top of the Lua stack, then remove it from the stack regardless of whether peeking was successful or not.
Naming
-
The Lua prefix was removed from types (
State
,Integer
,Number
,Exception
) and the respective infix from functions (try
,run
,runWith
,runEither
). HsLua should be imported qualified to avoid name collisions. -
Terminology now consistently uses exception to refer to Haskell exceptions, and error for Lua errors; function names changed accordingly (
throwException
,catchException
,withExceptionMessage
). -
Module Foreign.Lua.Api was renamed to Foreign.Lua.Core.
-
Foreign.Lua.lerror was renamed to Foreign.Lua.error.
-
Typeclass ToLuaStack was renamed to Pushable.
-
Typeclass FromLuaStack was renamed to Peekable.
-
Cabal flag use-pkgconfig was renamed to pkg-config (which is the flag name used by other projects such a zlib).
Type signatures
-
The return value of
lua_newuserdata
is CSize (was CInt). -
Table index parameter in
rawgeti
andrawseti
must be of type LuaInteger, but were of type Int. -
The number of upvalues passed to
pushcclosure
must be of type NumArgs. -
Lua.error
has type Lua NumResults, simplifying its use in HaskellFunctions. -
Retrieval functions which can fail, i.e.
tocfunction
,tointeger
,tonumber
,tostring
,tothread
, andtouserdata
, use the Maybe type to indicate success or failure, avoiding the need to perform additional checks.
Removed Features
-
Support for Lua versions before 5.3 has been dropped.
-
Support for GHC 7.8 has been dropped.
-
wrapHaskellFunction
has been made internal and is no longer exported.
Changed behavior
-
Peekable instances for numbers and strings became more forgiving. Peeking of basic types now follows Lua’s default conversion rules:
- numbers can be given as strings, and vice versa;
- any value can be converted into a boolean – only
nil
andfalse
are peeked asFalse
, all other asTrue
.
Other
- Many internal improvements and additions such as a benchmarking suite, code cleanups, better tests, etc.
0.9.5.{1,2}
- Relaxed upper bound on exceptions.
0.9.5
- Provide Optional as a replacement for OrNil. Exports of the latter have been fixed.
- Provide utility function
raiseError
: Its argument will be thrown as an error in Lua. - Add
modifyLuaError
: The function lives in Foreign.Lua.Error and allows to alter error messages. This is most useful for amending errors with additional information. - Fixed a bug in
toList
which left a element on the stack if deserializing that element lead to an error. This also affected the FromLuaStack instance for lists. - Fixed a bug in
pairsFromTable
which left a key-value pair on the stack if either of them could not be read into the expected type. This also affected the FromLuaStack instance for Map.
0.9.4
- Make Lua an instance of MonadMask: MonadMask from Control.Monad.Catch allows to mask asynchronous exceptions. This allows to define a finalizer for Lua operations.
- Add functions and constants to refer to stack indices: The functions
nthFromBottom
,nthFromTop
as well as the constantsstackTop
andstackBottom
have been introduced. Numeric constants are less clear, and named constants can aid readability. - Add type OrNil: This type can be used when dealing with optional arguments to Lua functions.
- Add function absindex: it converts the acceptable index
idx
into an equivalent absolute index (that is, one that does not depend on the stack top). The function callslua_absindex
when compiled with Lua 5.2 or later; for Lua 5.1, it is reimplemented in Haskell. - Functions in
tasty
which have been deprecated have been replaced with non-deprecated alternatives.
0.9.3
- Re-export more FunctionCalling helpers in
Foreign.Lua
: The typeclassToHaskellFunction
and the helper functiontoHaskellFunction
are useful when working with functions. Importing them separately fromForeign.Lua.FunctionCalling
was an unnecessary burden; they are therefor now re-exported by the main module. - Export registry-relatd constants
refnil
andnoref
: The constants are related to Lua’s registry functions (ref
andunref
). - Add helper to convert functions into CFunction: A new helper
wrapHaskellFunction
is provided. It expects a HaskellImportedFunction userdata (as produced bypushHaskellFunction
) on top of the stack and replaces it with a C function. The new function converts error values generated withlerror
into Lua errors, i.e. it callslua_error
. - Add utility function
setglobal'
: It works likesetglobal
, but works with packages and nested tables (dot-notation only).
0.9.2
- Add cabal flag ‘export-dynamic’: Default behavior is to include all symbols in the dynamic symbol table, as this enables users to load dynamic lua libraries. However, it is sometimes desirable to disable, e.g., when compiling a fully static binary. See jgm/pandoc#3986.
0.9.1
- Increase user-friendlyness of error messages: The error message returned by
toHaskellFunction
hinted at the fact that the failing function is a Haskell function. This is mostly unnecessary information and might have confused users.
0.9.0
- Added cabal flag to allow fully safe garbage collection: Lua garbage
collection can occur in most of the API functions, even in those usually not
calling back into haskell and hence marked as optimizable. The effect of this
is that finalizers which call Haskell functions will cause the program to
hang. A new flag
allow-unsafe-gc
is introduced and enabled by default. Disabling this flag will mark more C API functions as potentially calling back into Haskell. This has a serious performance impact. FromLuaStack
andToLuaStack
instances for lazy ByteStrings are added.- None-string error messages are handled properly: Lua allows error messages to be of any type, but the haskell error handlers expected string values. Tables, booleans, and other non-string values are now handled as well and converted to strings.
0.8.0
- Use newtype definitions instead of type aliases for LuaNumber and LuaInteger. This makes it easier to ensure the correct numeric instances in situations where Lua might have been compiled with 32-bit numbers.
- Instances of
FromLuaStack
andToLuaStack
forInt
are removed. The correctness of these instances cannot be guaranteed if Lua was compiled with a non-standard integer type.
0.7.1
- The flag
lua_32bits
was added to allow users to compile Lua for 32-bit systems. - When reading a list, throw an error if the lua value isn’t a table instead of silently returning an empty list.
0.7.0
- Tuples from pairs to octuples have been made instances of
FromLuaStack
andToLuaStack
. - New functions
dostring
anddofile
are provided to load and run strings and files in a single step. LuaStatus
was renamed toStatus
, the Lua prefix was removed from its type constructors.- The constructor
ErrFile
was added toStatus
. It is returned byloadfile
if the file cannot be read. - Remove unused FFI bindings and unused types, including all functions unsafe to use from within Haskell and the library functions added with 0.5.0. Users with special requirements should define their own wrappers and raw bindings.
- The module Foreign.Lua.Api.SafeBindings was merge into Foreign.Lua.Api.RawBindings.
- FFI bindings are changed to use newtypes where sensible, most notably
StackIndex
,NumArgs
, andNumResults
, but also the newly introduced newtypesStatusCode
,TypeCode
, andLuaBool
. - Add functions
tointegerx
andtonumberx
which can be used to get and check values from the stack in a single step. - The signature of
concat
was changed fromInt -> Lua ()
toNumArgs -> Lua ()
. - The signature of
loadfile
was changed fromString -> Lua Int
toString -> Lua Status
. - The type
LTYPE
was renamed toType
, its constructors were renamed to follow the patternType<Typename>
.LuaRelation
was renamed toRelationalOperator
, the Lua prefix was removed from its constructors. - Add function
tolist
to allow getting a generic list from the stack without having to worry about the overlapping instance with[Char]
.
0.6.0
- Supported Lua Versions now include Lua 5.2 and Lua 5.3. LuaJIT and Lua 5.1 remain supported as well.
- Flag
use-pkgconfig
was added to allow discovery of library and include paths via pkg-config. Setting a specific Lua version flag now impliessystem-lua
. (Sean Proctor) - The module was renamed from
Scripting.Lua
toForeign.Lua
. The code is now split over multiple sub-modules. Files processed with hsc2hs are restricted to Foreign.Lua.Api. - A
Lua
monad (reader monad over LuaState) is introduced. Functions which took a LuaState as their first argument are changed into monadic functions within that monad. - Error handling has been redesigned completely. A new LuaException was
introduced and is thrown in unexpected situations. Errors in lua which are
leading to a
longjmp
are now caught with the help of additional C wrapper functions. Those no longer lead to uncontrolled program termination but are converted into a LuaException. peek
no longer returnsMaybe a
but justa
. A LuaException is thrown if an error occurs (i.e. in situtations where Nothing would have been returned previously).- The
StackValue
typeclass has been split intoFromLuaStack
andToLuaStack
. Instances not satisfying the lawx == push x *> peek (-1)
have been dropped. - Documentation of API functions was improved. Most docstrings have been copied from the official Lua manual, enriched with proper markup and links, and changed to properly describe hslua specifics when necessary.
- Example programs have been moved to a separate repository.
- Unused files were removed. (Sean Proctor)
0.5.0
- New raw functions for
luaopen_base
,luaopen_package
,luaopen_string
,luaopen_table
,luaopen_math
,luaopen_io
,luaopen_os
,luaopen_debug
and their high-level wrappers (with namesopenbase
,opentable
etc.) implemented. - Remove custom versions of
loadfile
andloadstring
. - Drop support for GHC versions < 7.8, avoid compiler warnings.
- Ensure no symbols are stripped when linking the bundled lua interpreter.
- Simplify
tostring
function definition. (Sean Proctor) - Explicitly deprecate
strlen
. (Sean Proctor) - Add links to lua documentation for functions wrapping the official lua C API. (Sean Proctor).
0.4.1
- Bugfix(#30):
tolist
wasn’t popping elements of the list from stack.
0.4.0
pushstring
andtostring
now usesByteString
instead of[Char]
.StackValue [Char]
instance is removed,StackValue ByteString
is added.StackValue a => StackValue [a]
instance is added. It pushes a Lua array to the stack.pushlist
,islist
andtolist
functions are added.- Type errors in Haskell functions now propagated differently. See the
Scripting.Lua
documentation for detailed explanation. This should fix segfaults reported several times. lua_error
function is removed, it’s never safe to call in Haskell.
Related issues and pull requests: #12, #26, #24, #23, #18.
0.3.14
- Pkgconf-based setup removed. Cabal is now using
extra-libraries
to link with Lua. luajit
flag is added to link hslua with LuaJIT.
0.3.13
- Small bugfix related with GHCi running under Windows.
0.3.12
pushrawhsfunction
andregisterrawhsfunction
functions are added.apicheck
flag is added to Cabal package to enable Lua API checking. (useful for debugging)
0.3.11
luaL_ref
andluaL_unref
functions are added.