This package contains efficient general-purpose implementations of various immutable container types including sets, maps, sequences, trees, and graphs.

For a walkthrough of what this package provides with examples of common operations see the containers introduction.

The declared cost of each operation is either worst-case or amortized, but remains valid even if structures are shared.

Changes

Changelog for containers package

0.6.5.1

Bug fixes

  • foldr' and foldl' for Map and Set are now strict everywhere they should be, and we have detailed tests to make sure they stay that way. (Thanks, coot.)

  • The Ord IntSet instance, which was broken in the last version, has been repaired.

New instance

  • We now have Ord a => Ord (Tree a) (Thanks, Ericson2314.)

Testing fixes

  • Thanks to konsumlamm and infinity0 for various bug fixes in the test suite.

0.6.4.1

Bug fixes

Additions

Other changes

0.6.3.1

Bug fixes

  • Fix traverse and traverseWithKey for IntMap, which would previously produce invalid IntMaps when the input contained negative keys (Thanks, Felix Paulusma).

  • Fix the traversal order of various functions for Data.IntMap: traverseWithKey, traverseMaybeWithKey, filterWithKeyA, minimum, maximum, mapAccum, mapAccumWithKey, mapAccumL, mapAccumRWithKey, mergeA (Thanks, Felix Paulusma, Simon Jakobi).

Additions

  • Add compose for Map and IntMap (Thanks, Alexandre Esteves).

  • Add alterF for Set and IntSet (Thanks, Simon Jakobi).

  • Add Data.IntSet.mapMonotonic (Thanks, Javran Cheng).

  • Add instance Bifoldable Map (Thanks, Joseph C. Sible).

Performance improvements

  • Make (<*) for Data.Sequence incrementally asymptotically optimal. This finally completes the task, begun in December 2014, of making all the Applicative methods for sequences asymptotically optimal even when their results are consumed incrementally. Many thanks to Li-Yao Xia and Bertram Felgenhauer for helping to clean up and begin to document this rather tricky code.

  • Speed up fromList and related functions in Data.IntSet, Data.IntMap and Data.IntMap.Strict (Thanks, Bertram Felgenhauer).

  • Use count{Leading,Trailing}Zeros in Data.IntSet internals (Thanks, Alex Biehl).

Other changes

  • Reduce usage of the Forest type synonym in Data.Tree (Thanks, David Feuer).

  • Address a Core lint warning for foldToMaybeTree (Thanks, Matthew Pickering).

  • Improve documentation (Thanks to Daniel Wagner, Johannes Waldmann, Steve Mao, Gabriel Greif, Jean-Baptiste Mazon, Ziyang Liu, Matt Renaud, Li-Yao Xia).

  • Improvements to the testsuite and benchmarks (Thanks, Bertram Felgenhauer, Simon Jakobi, Johannes Waldmann).

  • Canonicalise Seq’s Monoid instance (Thanks, Fumiaki Kinoshita).

0.6.2.1

  • Add disjoint for Map and IntMap (Thanks, Simon Jakobi).

  • Fix documentation bugs (Thanks, olligobber).

  • Fix unused imports (Thanks, Ben Gamari).

0.6.1.1

  • Fix Foldable instance for IntMap, which previously placed positively keyed entries before negatively keyed ones for fold, foldMap, and traverse.

  • Make strict IntMap merges strict.

  • Make Data.IntMap.Merge.Strict tactics (except preserveMissing) strict.

  • Add a strict Data.Map.Merge.Strict.preserveMissing' tactic.

  • Make stimes for sequences work with 0 arguments, and make it more efficient.

  • Speed up cartesianProduct for Data.Set.

  • Speed up Data.Set.isSubsetOf, Data.Map.isSubmapOf, and Data.Set.disjoint.

  • Allow inlining for Data.Sequence.traverseWithIndex, making it faster than sequence combined with mapWithIndex.

  • Produce more concise assembly from maskW. (Thanks, Mateusz Kowalczyk)

  • Use countLeadingZeros to implement highestBitMask (Thanks, Dmitry Ivanov)

  • Improve documentation. (Thanks to jwaldmann, Yuji Yamamoto, David Sanders, Alec Theriault, Vaibhav Sagar, Boro Sitnikovski, Morten Kolstad, Vados, Benjamin Web, Chris Martin, Alexandre Esteves).

  • Clean up packaging and testing. (Thanks, David Eichmann, Simon Jakobi, Oleg Grenrus, Andreas Klebinger)

0.6.0.1

  • Released with GHC 8.6

New functions and class instances

  • Add Data.Containers.ListUtils offering nub-like functions. (Thanks to Gershom Bazerman for starting the process of writing these.)

  • Add Generic and Generic1 instances for key Data.Sequence.Internal types: Node, Digit, Elem, and FingerTree.

Death of deprecated functions

The following functions have been disabled. As an experiment in function removal technology, the functions are still temporarily present, but any attempts to use them will result in type errors advising on replacement.

  • Data.IntMap: insertWith', insertWithKey', fold, and foldWithKey.

  • Data.Map: insertWith', insertWithKey', insertLookupWithKey', fold, and foldWithKey.

The same has been done for the deprecated exports of showTree and showTreeWith. These function remain available in the internal Debug modules.

Changes to existing functions

  • Generalize the types of unions and unionsWith. (Thanks, jwaldmann.)

Performance improvements

  • Speed up folds and traverse on sequences. (Thanks, Donnacha Oisín Kidney.)

  • Speed up Data.Set.union. (Thanks, Joachim Breitner.)

  • Speed up several algorithms in Data.Graph a bit by using unboxed arrays where appropriate.

  • Implement Data.Graph.indegree directly instead of taking the transpose and calculating its outdegree. This may not lead to an immediate performance improvement (see GHC Trac #14785) but it should be better eventually.

Other package changes

  • Drop support for GHC versions before 7.6.

  • Improve Data.Graph documentation, and reorganize map and set documentation.

  • Remove the Data.Map.Lazy.Merge and Data.Map.Strict.Merge modules. These were renamed and deprecated almost as soon as they were introduced.

0.5.11

  • Released with GHC 8.4.

New functions and class instances

  • Add a MonadFix instance for Data.Sequence.

  • Add a MonadFix instance for Data.Tree.

  • Add powerSet, cartesianProduct, and disjointUnion for Data.Set. (Thanks, Edward Kmett.)

  • Add disjoint for Data.Set and Data.IntSet. (Thanks, Víctor López Juan.)

  • Add lookupMin and lookupMax to Data.IntMap. (Thanks, bwroga.)

  • Add unzip and unzipWith to Data.Sequence. Make unzipping build its results in lockstep to avoid certain space leaks.

  • Add carefully optimized implementations of sortOn and unstableSortOn to Data.Sequence. (Thanks, Donnacha Oisín Kidney.)

Changes to existing functions and features

  • Make Data.Sequence.replicateM a synonym for replicateA for post-AMP base.

  • Rewrite the IsString instance head for sequences, improving compatibility with the list instance and also improving type inference. We used to have

    instance IsString (Seq Char)
    

    Now we commit more eagerly with

    instance a ~ Char => IsString (Seq a)
    
  • Make >>= for Data.Tree strict in the result of its second argument; being too lazy here is almost useless, and violates one of the monad identity laws. Specifically, return () >>= \_ -> undefined should always be undefined, but this was not the case.

  • Harmonize laziness details for minView and maxView between Data.IntMap and Data.Map.

Performance improvement

  • Speed up both stable and unstable sorting for Data.Sequence by (Thanks, Donnacha Oisín Kidney.)

Other changes

  • Update for recent and upcoming GHC and Cabal versions (Thanks, Herbert Valerio Reidel, Simon Jakobi, and Ryan Scott.)

  • Improve external and internal documentation (Thanks, Oleg Grenrus and Benjamin Hodgson.)

  • Add tutorial-style documentation.

  • Add Haddock @since annotations for changes made since version 0.5.4 (Thanks, Simon Jakobi.)

  • Add a (very incomplete) test suite for Data.Tree.

  • Add structural validity checks to the test suites for Data.IntMap and Data.IntSet (Thanks to Joachim Breitner for catching an error in a first draft.)

0.5.10.2

  • Released with GHC 8.2.

  • Use COMPLETE pragmas to declare complete sets of pattern synonyms for Data.Sequence. At last!

  • Make Data.IntMap.Strict.traverseWithKey force the values before installing them in the result. Previously, this function could be used to produce an IntMap containing undefined values.

  • Fix strictness bugs in various rewrite rules for Data.Map.Strict and Data.IntMap.Strict. Previously, rules could unintentionally reduce strictness. The most important change in this regard is the elimination of rules rewriting *.Strict.map coerce to coerce. To map a coercion over a structure for free, be sure to use the lazy map or fmap. It is possible to write rules that do a somewhat better job of this, but it turns out to be a bit messy.

  • Optimize Data.IntMap.restrictKeys and Data.IntMap.withoutKeys. The semantic fix in 0.5.10.1 left them rather slow in certain cases.

  • Speed up size for IntSet and IntMap (thanks, Mike Ledger!).

  • Define a custom liftA2 in Applicative instances for base 4.10, and use liftA2 rather than <*> whenever it may be beneficial.

  • Add liftA2-related RULES for Data.Sequence.

  • Export non-deprecated versions of showTree and showTreeWith from Data.IntMap.Internal.Debug.

0.5.10.1

  • Fix completely incorrect implementations of Data.IntMap.restrictKeys and Data.IntMap.withoutKeys. Make the tests for these actually run. (Thanks to Tom Smalley for reporting this.)

  • Fix a minor bug in the Show1 instance of Data.Tree. This produced valid output, but with fewer parentheses than Show. (Thanks, Ryan Scott.)

  • Add MonadZip instance for Data.Sequence.

  • Remove meaningless stability annotations (Thanks, Simon Jakobi.)

0.5.9.2

  • Backport bug fixes from 0.5.10.1

0.5.9.1

  • Add merge and mergeA for Data.IntMap.

  • Add instances for Data.Graph.SCC: Foldable, Traversable, Data, Generic, Generic1, Eq, Eq1, Show, Show1, Read, and Read1.

  • Add lifted instances (from Data.Functor.Classes) for Data.Sequence, Data.Map, Data.Set, Data.IntMap, and Data.Tree. (Thanks to Oleg Grenrus for doing a lot of this work.)

  • Properly deprecate functions in Data.IntMap long documented as deprecated.

  • Rename several internal modules for clarity. Thanks to esoeylemez for starting this process.

  • Make Data.Map.fromDistinctAscList and Data.Map.fromDistinctDescList more eager, improving performance.

  • Plug space leaks in Data.Map.Lazy.fromAscList and Data.Map.Lazy.fromDescList by manually inlining constant functions.

  • Add lookupMin and lookupMax to Data.Set and Data.Map as total alternatives to findMin and findMax.

  • Add !? to Data.Map as a total alternative to !.

  • Avoid using deleteFindMin and deleteFindMax internally, preferring total functions instead. New implementations of said functions lead to slight performance improvements overall.

0.5.8.2

  • Backport bug fixes from 0.5.10.1.

0.5.8.1 Aug 2016

General package changes

  • Remove all attempts to support nhc98 and any versions of GHC before 7.0.

  • Integrate benchmarks with Cabal. (Thanks, Gabriel Gonzalez!)

  • Make Cabal report required extensions properly, and stop using default extensions. Note that we do not report extensions conditionally enabled based on GHC version, as doing so would lead to a maintenance nightmare with no obvious benefits.

  • Use BangPatterns throughout to reduce noise. This extension is now required to compile containers.

  • Improve QuickCheck properties taking arbitrary functions by using Test.QuickCheck.Function.Fun instead of evil Show instances for functions.

  • Expose several internal modules through Cabal (as requested by Edward Kmett). These remain completely unsupported.

New exports and instances

  • Add alterF, restrictKeys, and withoutKeys to Data.Map and Data.IntMap.

  • Add take, drop, splitAt, takeWhileAntitone, dropWhileAntitone, and spanAntitone for Data.Map and Data.Set. Thanks to Cale Gibbard for suggesting these.

  • Add merge, mergeA, and associated merge tactics for Data.Map. Many thanks to Cale Gibbard, Ryan Trinkle, and Dan Doel for inspiring the merge idea and helping refine the interface.

  • Add traverseMaybeWithKey, fromDescList, fromDescListWith, fromDescListWithKey, and fromDistinctDescList to Data.Map.

  • Add fromDescList and fromDistinctDescList to Data.Set.

  • Add Empty, :<|, and :|> pattern synonyms for Data.Sequence.

  • Add adjust', (!?), lookup, chunksOf, cycleTaking, insertAt, deleteAt, intersperse, foldMapWithIndex, and traverseWithIndex for Data.Sequence.

  • Derive Generic and Generic1 for Data.Tree.Tree, Data.Sequence.ViewL, and Data.Sequence.ViewR.

  • Add foldTree for Data.Tree. (Thanks, Daniel Wagner!)

Semantic changes

  • Make Data.Sequence.splitAt strict in its arguments. Previously, it returned a lazy pair.

  • Fix completely erroneous definition of length for Data.Sequence.ViewR.

  • Make Data.Map.Strict.traverseWithKey force result values before installing them in the new map.

  • Make drawTree handle newlines better. (Thanks, recursion-ninja!)

Deprecations

  • All functions in Data.Map proper that have been documented as deprecated since version 0.5 or before now have DEPRECATED pragmas and will actually be removed after another cycle or two.

  • Tree printing functions in Data.Map intended for library debugging are now deprecated. They will continue to be available for the foreseeable future in an internal module.

Performance changes

  • Substantially speed up splitAt, zipWith, take, drop, fromList, partition, foldl', and foldr' for Data.Sequence. Special thanks to Lennart Spitzner for digging into the performance problems with previous versions of fromList and finding a way to make it really fast. Slightly optimize replicateA. Stop traverse from performing many unnecessary fmap operations.

  • Most operations in Data.Sequence advertised as taking logarithmic time (including >< and adjust) now use their full allotted time to avoid potentially building up chains of thunks in the tree. In general, the only remaining operations that avoid doing more than they really need are the particular bulk creation and transformation functions that really benefit from the extra laziness. There are some situations where this change may slow programs down, but I think having more predictable and usually better performance more than makes up for that.

  • Add rewrite rules to fuse fmap with reverse for Data.Sequence.

  • Switch from hedge algorithms to divide-and-conquer algorithms for union, intersection, difference, and merge in both Data.Map and Data.Set. These algorithms are simpler, are known to be asymptotically optimal, and are faster according to our benchmarks.

  • Speed up adjust for Data.Map. Allow map to inline, and define a custom (<$). This considerably improves mapping with a constant function.

  • Remove non-essential laziness in Data.Map.Lazy implementation.

  • Speed up deletion and alteration functions for Data.IntMap.

0.5.7.1 Dec 2015

  • Planned to bundle with GHC 8.0.1.

  • Add IsString instance to Data.Sequence.

  • Define Semigroup instances for Data.Map, Data.Set, Data.IntMap, Data.IntSet and Data.Sequence.

0.5.6.2 Dec 2014

  • Bundled with GHC 7.10.1.

  • Add role annotations for Data.Map and Data.Set.

  • Add IsList instances for Data.Map, Data.Set, Data.IntMap and Data.IntSet.

  • Several performance improvements for Data.Sequence.

  • Add Data.Sequence.fromFunction and Data.Sequence.fromArray.

0.5.4.0 Jan 2014

  • Bundled with GHC 7.8.1.

  • The Data.Map.fromList and Data.Set.fromList now use linear-time algorithm if the input is sorted, without need to call fromDistinctAscList.

  • Implement indexing operations (lookupIndex, findIndex, elemAt, deletaAt) for Data.Set too.

  • Add Applicative and Alternative instances for Data.Sequence.

  • Add foldMapWithKey to Data.Map and Data.IntMap.

  • Implement poly-kinded Typeable.

  • Add Functor instance for Data.Graph.SCC.

  • Add Data.Map.splitRoot and Data.Set.splitRoot.

0.5.0.0 May 2012

  • Bundled with GHC 7.6.1.

  • Major improvements since last release:

    • a clearer distinction between value-lazy and value-strict containers,
    • performance improvements across the board,
    • a big internal clean-up, and
    • new functions for e.g. merging, updating, and searching containers.
  • While the old Data.Map and Data.IntMap modules will continue to exist for the foreseeable future, we’ve abandoned the practice of having the strict and lazy versions of each function distinguished by an apostrophe. The distinction is instead made at the module level, by introducing four new modules:

    • Data.Map.Strict
    • Data.Map.Lazy
    • Data.IntMap.Strict
    • Data.IntMap.Lazy

    This split has three benefits:

    • It makes the choice between value-strict and value-lazy containers more declarative; you pick once at import time, instead of having to remember to use the strict or lazy versions of a function every time you modify the container.
    • It alleviates a common source of performance issues, by forcing the user to think about the strictness properties upfront. For example, using insertWith instead of insertWith’ is a common source of containers-related performance bugs.
    • There are fewer functions per module, making it easier to get an overview of each module.
  • Note that the types used in the strict and lazy APIs are the same, so you can still use the same container in a “mixed” manner, if needed.

  • The Data.IntSet representation changed to store small sets using bits in an Word. Larger sets are stored as a collection of such dense small sets, connected together by a prefix trie.

0.4.2.1 Feb 2012

  • Bundled with GHC 7.4.1.

  • Data.Map now exports foldr, foldr’, foldlandfoldl’`.

  • Data.Set now exports foldr, foldr’, foldlandfoldl’`.

  • Data.IntMap now exports foldr, foldr’, foldl, foldl’, foldrWithKey, foldrWithKey’, foldlWithKeyandfoldlWithKey’`.

  • Data.IntSet now exports foldr, foldr’, foldlandfoldl’`.

  • Data.Map.foldWithKey is no longer deprecated, although it is expected to be deprecated again in the future.

  • There are now NFData instance for Data.Map.Map, Data.Set.Set, Data.IntMap.IntMap, Data.IntSet.IntSet and Data.Tree.Tree.

0.4.1.0 Aug 2011

  • Bundled with GHC 7.2.1.

  • Data.Map now exports new functions foldrWithKey' and foldlWithKey', which are strict variants of foldrWithKey and foldlWithKey respectively.

  • Data.IntMap now exports new functions insertWith' and insertWithKey', which are strict variants of insertWith and insertWithKey respectively.

0.4.0.0 Nov 2010

  • Bundled with GHC 7.0.1.

  • Strictness is now more consistent, with containers being strict in their elements even in singleton cases.

  • There is a new function insertLookupWithKey' in Data.Map.

  • The foldWithKey function in Data.Map has been deprecated in favour of foldrWithKey.

0.3.0.0 Dec 2009

  • Bundled with GHC 6.12.1.

  • mapAccumRWithKey has been added to Data.IntMap.

  • A Traversable instance has been added to Data.IntMap.IntMap.

  • The types of Data.IntMap.intersectionWith and Data.IntMap.intersectionWithKey have been changed from intersectionWith :: (a -> b -> a) -> IntMap a -> IntMap b -> IntMap a intersectionWithKey :: (Key -> a -> b -> a) -> IntMap a -> IntMap b -> IntMap a to intersectionWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> IntMap a -> IntMap b -> IntMap c intersectionWithKey :: (Key -> a -> b -> c) -> IntMap a -> IntMap b -> IntMap c

  • The types of Data.IntMap.findMin and Data.IntMap.findMax have been changed from findMin :: IntMap a -> a findMax :: IntMap a -> a to findMin :: IntMap a -> (Int,a) findMax :: IntMap a -> (Int,a)

  • Data.Map now exports mapAccumRWithKey, foldrWithKey, foldlWithKey and toDescList.

  • Data.Sequence now exports replicate, replicateA, replicateM, iterateN, unfoldr, unfoldl, scanl, scanl1, scanr, scanr1, tails, inits, takeWhileL, takeWhileR, dropWhileL, dropWhileR, spanl, spanr, breakl, breakr, partition, filter, sort, sortBy, unstableSort, unstableSortBy, elemIndexL, elemIndicesL, elemIndexR, elemIndicesR, findIndexL, findIndicesL, findIndexR, findIndicesR, foldlWithIndex, foldrWithIndex, mapWithIndex, zip, zipWith, zip3, zipWith3, zip4 and zipWith4.

0.2.0.0 Nov 2008

  • Bundled with GHC 6.10.1.

  • Various result type now use Maybe rather than allowing any Monad.

0.1.0.0 Nov 2007

  • Bundled with GHC 6.8.1.

  • Initial split off from GHC base.