mmark
Strict markdown processor for writers
https://github.com/mmark-md/mmark
| LTS Haskell 24.55: | 0.0.8.0@rev:3 |
| Stackage Nightly 2026-08-23: | 0.1.0.0 |
| Latest on Hackage: | 0.1.0.0 |
mmark-0.1.0.0@sha256:7a69122e04c0ca74c741504c37a28af102b5032d585fdf5936a02a606eaf1478,4248Module documentation for 0.1.0.0
- Text
- Text.MMark
- Text.MMark.Internal
- Text.MMark.Render
- Text.MMark.Trans
- Text.MMark.Util
- Text.MMark
MMark
- Quick start: MMark vs GitHub-flavored markdown
- MMark and CommonMark
- About MMark-specific extensions
- Performance
- Related packages
- Contribution
- License
MMark (read “em-mark”) is a strict markdown processor for writers. “Strict” means that not every input is considered a valid markdown document and parse errors are possible and even desirable, because they allow us to spot markup issues without searching for them in the rendered document. If a markdown document passes the MMark parser, then it is likely to produce HTML output without quirks. This feature makes it a good choice for writers and bloggers.
MMark features:
-
A parser that produces high-quality error messages and does not choke on the first parse error. It is capable of reporting several parse errors simultaneously.
-
An extension system that allows us to create extensions that alter a parsed markdown document or the way it is rendered. Extensions can perform effects and can report errors of their own, which are shown against the source of the document just like parse errors are.
-
A
lucid-based renderer.
Quick start: MMark vs GitHub-flavored markdown
It’s easy to start using MMark if you’re used to GitHub-flavored markdown. There are three main differences:
-
URIs are not automatically recognized; you must enclose them in
<and>. -
HTML blocks and inline HTML are not supported.
MMark and CommonMark
MMark mostly tries to follow the CommonMark specification as given here:
https://spec.commonmark.org/0.31.2/
However, due to the fact that we do not allow inputs that do not make sense,
and also try to guard against common mistakes (like writing ##My header
and having it rendered as a paragraph starting with hashes), MMark obviously
can’t follow the specification precisely. In particular, parsing of inlines
is stricter than CommonMark (see below).
Another difference between CommonMark and MMark is that the latter supports more (pun alert) common markdown extensions out of the box. In particular, MMark supports:
- parsing of an optional YAML block
- strikeout using
~~this~~syntax - superscript using
^this^syntax - subscript using
~this~syntax - automatic assignment of ids to headers
- pipe tables (as on GitHub)
One does not need to enable or tweak anything for these to work, they are built-in features.
Differences in inline parsing
Emphasis and strong emphasis is an especially hairy topic in the CommonMark
specification. There are 17 ad-hoc rules defining the interaction between
* and _ -based emphasis and more than half of all CommonMark
examples (that’s about 300) test just this.
Almost none of that complexity is in deciding what a delimiter run could do—CommonMark’s notion of left- and right-flanking delimiter runs is straightforward. It is in deciding what to do with a run that could just as well open emphasis as close it, and the answer to that is a pile of special cases that is hard to implement and harder for a human to remember.
MMark classifies delimiter runs exactly the way CommonMark does and then resolves the ambiguous ones with a single rule. Let’s start by dividing all characters into four groups:
-
Space characters, including space, tab, newline, carriage return, and other characters like non-breaking space.
-
Markup characters, including the following:
*,~,_,`,^,[,]. These are used for markup and whenever they appear in a document, they must form valid markup constructions. To be used as ordinary punctuation characters they must be backslash escaped (there is exactly one exception to this, see below). -
Punctuation characters, which include all punctuation characters that are not markup characters. Following CommonMark, symbols such as
$,+, and=count as punctuation here too. -
Other characters, which include all characters not falling into the three groups described above.
Next, let’s assign levels to all groups but markup characters:
- Space characters—level 0
- Punctuation characters—level 1
- Other characters—level 2
When markup characters or punctuation characters are escaped with backslash they become other characters.
Now take a run of markup characters placed between a character of level
L and a character of level R. It leans towards whichever of its two
neighbours is more solid, and that is what decides what it can do:
level(L) < level(R)—the run hangs on the left hand side of a word, so it can only open emphasis markup (and other similar things like strikethrough, which we won’t mention explicitly anymore for brevity);level(L) > level(R)—the run hangs on the right hand side of a word, so it can only close emphasis markup;level(L) == level(R) == 0—there is white space on both sides of the run, so it can do neither and the run is a parse error;level(L) == level(R) > 0—the run leans nowhere, so it is ambiguous.
The first two cases are exactly what the CommonMark specification calls a left-flanking delimiter run that is not right-flanking, and a right-flanking delimiter run that is not left-flanking. The last case is a run that is both, and it is the only one where MMark has to make a decision of its own:
An ambiguous run closes the markup it is inside of and opens new markup otherwise.
That is the whole rule, and it is what makes emphasis on a part of a word work:
un*frigging*believable
H~2~O is not O~2~
x^2^ + y^2^ = z^2^
There is one exception to all of the above, and it is about the _
character. A run of underscores that has word characters on both sides of it
is not markup at all, it is literal text:
snake_case and to_string() and __dunder__
This is the one place where a markup character does not have to be backslash escaped to be taken literally, and it exists because underscores are so common inside identifiers. Asterisks are the way to emphasize a part of a word.
A run with white space on both sides of it leans nowhere and can do nothing, so these do not parse:
*Something * is not right.
Something __is __ not right.
Neither does a run that closes markup that was never opened:
Here goes bar*
Nor markup that is opened and never closed. That last one is what makes
__foo__bar an error rather than literal text: the first __ opens strong
emphasis, the second one is inside a word and so is literal, and nothing
closes the strong emphasis afterwards.
Other differences
Block-level parsing:
- If a line starts with hash signs it is expected to be a valid non-empty header (level 1–6 inclusive). If you want to start a paragraph with hashes, just escape the first hash with backslash and that will be enough.
- Setext headings are not supported for the sake of simplicity.
- Fenced code blocks must be explicitly closed by a closing fence. They are not closed by the end of document or by start of another block.
- Lists are defined by column at which their content starts. Content belonging to a particular list should start at the same column (or greater column, up to the column where indented code blocks start). As a consequence of this, lists do not feature “laziness”, unlike in CommonMark.
- Paragraphs can be interrupted by unordered and ordered lists with any valid starting index.
- HTML blocks are not supported because the syntax conflicts with autolinks and the feature is a hack to compensate for the lack of extensibility and customization in the original markdown.
Inline-level parsing:
- MMark does not support hard line breaks represented as double space before newline. Nevertheless, hard line breaks in the form of backslash before newline are supported (these are more explicit too).
- All URI references (in links, images, autolinks, etc.) are parsed as per
RFC 3986, no support for escaping or support for entity and numeric
character references is provided. In addition to that, when a URI
reference is not enclosed with
<and>, then the closing parenthesis character)is not considered part of the URI (use<uri>syntax if you want a closing parenthesis as part of a URI). Since the empty string is a valid URI and it may be confusing in some cases, we also force the user to write<>to represent the empty URI. - Putting links in the text of another link is not allowed, i.e. no nested links are possible.
- Putting images in the description of other images is not allowed (similarly to the situation with links).
- HTML inlines are not supported for the same reason why HTML blocks are not supported.
About MMark-specific extensions
- YAML block must start with three hyphens
---and end with three hyphens---. It can only be placed at the beginning of a markdown document. Trailing white space after the---sequences is allowed.
Performance
I have compared speed and memory
consumption of the Haskell markdown libraries that are still maintained by
running each of them on the same markdown document (the readme of
megaparsec, about 19 KB) and rendering it as HTML:
| Library | Parsing library | Execution time | Allocated | Max residency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
cmark-0.6.1 |
Custom C code | 177.7 μs | 175,464 | 63,112 |
commonmark-0.3 |
Parsec | 7.502 ms | 39,616,824 | 1,042,184 |
mmark-0.1.0.0 |
Megaparsec | 7.680 ms | 33,609,608 | 70,712 |
pandoc-3.10.2 |
Parsec | 26.85 ms | 157,760,336 | 1,029,112 |
Results are ordered from fastest to slowest. Measured with GHC 9.10.3.
cmark is a binding to the C reference implementation, so it is in a
different league and will stay there. Among the Haskell implementations,
mmark and commonmark take about the same time, mmark allocating
somewhat less, and pandoc costs about three and a half times as much as
either—which is the price of being able to read and write everything rather
than one thing.
The number I would draw attention to is the last column. mmark holds on to
about 70 KB while it works, where commonmark and pandoc hold on to
around a megabyte, roughly fifteen times as much. If you render many
documents in one process, that is the figure that decides how the memory
profile of your program looks.
Two libraries that appeared in earlier versions of this table, cheapskate
and markdown, have been dropped: neither has had a release since 2020.
Related packages
mmark-extcontains some commonly useful MMark extensions.mmark-cliis a command line interface to MMark.flycheck-mmarkis a way to check markdown documents against MMark parser interactively from Emacs.
Contribution
Issues, bugs, and questions may be reported in the GitHub issue tracker for this project.
Pull requests are also welcome.
License
Copyright © 2017–present Mark Karpov
Distributed under the BSD 3-clause license.